The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practices, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risk associated with crossing racial barriers. Thus, even after the Supreme Court declared that public school segregation was unconstitutional, black activism was necessary to compel the federal government to implement the decision and extend its principles to all areas of public life rather than simply in schools. During the 1950s and 1960s, therefore, NAACP-sponsored legal suits and legislative lobbying were supplemented by an increasingly massive and militant social movement seeking a broad range of social changes.
Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the initial phase of black protest activity in the post-Brown period began on December 1, 1955. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, there by defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city’s buses began. The boycott lasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere.
Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement’s most efective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger signiicance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern black. “I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non-violence was one of the most potent weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom,” he explained. Although Parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, the clergy-led Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president.
King remained the major spokesperson for black aspirations, but, as in Montgomery, little-known individuals initiated most subsequent black movement. On February 1, 1960, four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College began a wave of student sit-ins designed to end segregation at southern lunch counters. These protests spread rapidly throughout the South and led to the founding, in April 1960, of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King’s SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movements in contrast to SCLC’s strategy of using local campaigns to achieve national civil rights reform.
(Adapted from http://www.history.com. Accessed February 12, 2014)
It is implied in the text that Martin Luther King, Jr. ….
Dapat diketahui bahwa Martin Luther King, Jr. adalah seorang orator yang sangat berpengaruh. Hal ini secara tersirat tercantum dalam kalimat pertama paragraf ketiga “Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement’s most efective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills.” dan pada kalimat pertama paragraf keempat “King remained the major spokesperson for black aspirations, …”
Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Jawaban C (Some white people supported this boycott) tidak pernah disebutkan berkaitan dengan Montgomery Bus Boycott dalam pernyataan teks paragraph kedua:
“Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white bus rider, there by defying a southern custom that required blacks to give seats toward the front of buses to whites. When she was jailed, a black community boycott of the city’s buses began. The boycott lasted more than a year, demonstrating the unity and determination of black residents and inspiring blacks elsewhere”.
In which paragraphs of the text does the author mention the purposes of black activism during the 1960s?
Tujuan kegiatan dari para aktivis kulit hitam dituangkan oleh si penulis dalam paragraf ke-4 “This student-led group, even more aggressive in its use of nonviolent direct action tactics than King’s SCLC, stressed the development of autonomous local movements in contrast to SCLC’s strategy of using local campaigns to achieve national civil rights reform.” (Kelompok yang dipimpin oleh mahasiswa ini, bahkan lebih agresif dalam menggunakan taktik gerakan langsung tanpa kekerasan dari pada SCLC King, menekan perkembangan gerakan lokal otonom yang sangat berbeda dengan strateginya SCLC yang menggunakan kampanye-kampanye loka untuk mencapai reformasi hak asasi manusia secara nasional.)
What does the word “he” (paragraf 3) refer to?
Kata “he” dalam paragraf ke-3 tersebut merujuk pada Martin Luther King, Jr.
“Martin Luther King, Jr., who emerged as the boycott movement’s most efective leader, possessed unique conciliatory and oratorical skills. He understood the larger signiicance of the boycott and quickly realized that the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi could be used by southern black. “I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non-violence was one of the most potent weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom,” he explained. Although parks and King were members of the NAACP, the Montgomery movement led to the creation in 1957 of a new regional organization, the clergy-led Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King as its president”.
The word “subsequent” in (paragraf 4) is closest in the meaning to ….
Subsequent = following (berikutnya/yang mengikuti)
Coinciding = concur (bertepatan dengan)
Coming = approaching (menjelang/mendatang)
What is the text primarily concerned with?
Teks di atas utamanya berkaitan dengan tonggak bersejarah dalam gerakan hak asasi manusia di Amerika. Hal tersebut tercantum dalam kalimat pertama teks tersebut, “The modern period of civil right reform in the US can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders and organizations.”